| Dental mirror | Indirect visual examination of teeth and oral tissues | Views of surfaces that are difficult to see directly; helps with cheek and tongue retraction | Improves visibility during a systematic examination and helps clinicians inspect more areas of the mouth | Use with adequate lighting and a clean, unobstructed mirror; visual inspection alone may not reveal hidden disease |
| Dental explorer | Tactile examination of tooth surfaces and restorations | Surface texture, margins, and areas that may warrant closer examination | Can help identify irregularities for further assessment when used alongside visual findings | Exploration should be gentle. A catch alone does not confirm tooth decay; combine findings with other diagnostic evidence |
| Periodontal probe | Assessment of gum health and periodontal tissues | Measurements of sulcus or pocket depth in millimetres, along with bleeding and other clinical observations | Provides repeatable measurements that help document periodontal findings and compare them over time | Use consistent probing technique and record measurements by site; interpret results with the full periodontal examination |
| Dental radiography system | Imaging of structures not fully visible during a clinical examination | Depending on the view, images can show tooth roots, interproximal areas, supporting bone, and tissues around root tips | Adds information that cannot be obtained from visual inspection alone and can help assess suspected disease or injury | Select images based on clinical need, use appropriate positioning and exposure settings, and interpret images with the clinical findings |
| Intraoral camera | Close-up visual documentation of teeth and oral tissues | Digital images of visible features such as cracks, wear, restorations, or changes in soft tissues | Supports documentation, comparison at follow-up visits, and clear communication of visible findings | Image quality depends on focus, lighting, and positioning; a camera does not show structures beneath the surface |
| Pulp sensibility tester | Assessment of a tooth’s sensory response to a stimulus | A patient’s reported response to thermal or electrical stimulation | Provides an additional clinical finding when evaluating pulpal status, especially when compared with control teeth and other tests | Sensibility tests assess nerve response, not blood flow directly; results can be affected by technique and clinical circumstances |
| Intraoral optical scanner | Digital capture of tooth and soft-tissue surface geometry | A three-dimensional surface model of scanned areas | Creates a detailed digital record for reviewing tooth shape, spacing, and changes in surface form | Scans record surface geometry, not internal tooth structures; they do not replace radiographs or a clinical examination |